Pesticides and the Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis: Convergent Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease.

However, current epidemiological studies linking chronic occupational or environmental pesticide exposure with higher PD prevalence [ 282 ], records of PD development after acute high-dose pesticide intoxication, as well as animal PD models where the disease initiation and progression follows experimental pesticide exposure alone provide strong proof that pesticides may be significant contributors in at least a subset of PD cases.

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In a rat model, intraperitoneal rotenone administration led to alterations of small intestinal and colonic microbiome composition (although most of them failed to reach statistical significance, with the exception of increased Bifidobacterium in the colon) and reproduced clinical symptoms of gastroparesis before nigrostriatal pathology was evident [ 173 ].

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