Molecular surveillance of insecticide resistance in Phlebotomus argentipes targeted by indoor residual spraying for visceral leishmaniasis elimination in India.

There was a significant trend (Spearman’s ρ = -0.66, N = 33, P<0.001) for villages with lower kdr frequencies in 2017 to show a higher increase over subsequent years ( Fig 3 ).

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A pronounced and highly significant increase in resistance-associated genotypes occurred between 2017 and 2018, but with relative stability thereafter, and some reversion toward more susceptible genotypes in 2021.

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