Shrinkage, Permeation and Freeze–Thaw Characteristics of Ambient Cured High Calcium-Based Alkali-Activated Engineered Composites

AAMs/AAECs/control mortar FPcM/ECC showed a trend of mass gain at later ages (56d and 90d) under continuous water curing ( Table 3 ) and a trend of mass loss under ambient curing after 28 days ( Table 4 ).

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Beyond 60 cycles, a decreasing trend in mass change led to mass loss ( Figure 4 ) associated with a decreasing trend of RDME values ( Figure 5 ) exhibiting freeze–thaw deterioration, which was supported by the decreasing trend of UPV ( Table 6 ).

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Initially up to 60 cycles, UPV values showed an increasing trend for some mixes in both longitudinal/transverse directions and then showed a definite decreasing trend at a higher number of cycles of up to 300, exhibiting progressive freeze–thaw deterioration of specimens ( Table 6 ).

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