Active viral infection during blooms of a dinoflagellate indicates dinoflagellate-viral co-adaptation.

Compared with the consistent upregulated expression in the BC (short-term) bloom, the expression of organelle-related function in the ECS (long-term) bloom exhibited a fluctuation around a decreasing trend, and it was more stable (fewer DEGs) than metabolic-related GO terms.

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The psbA expression, the proxy of host photosynthesis and growth, showed a trend consistent with that of the relative abundance of P. shikokuense , indicating that the host population was healthy and active in photosynthesis and energy acquisition during the bloom, as also found in a previous study ( 18 ).

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