Task-evoked pulse wave amplitude tracks cognitive load.

In the 9-digit sequences it was, in contrast, slightly (not significantly; p = 0.093) larger in the control task, and the same effect was highly significant in the 13-digit sequences (p = 0.002).

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PWA during rest was significantly larger compared to both memory (t(77) = 4.152, p < 0.001, d = 0.473) and control tasks (t(77) = 3.844, p < 0.001, d = 0.438), while the difference between memory and control tasks was marginally significant (t(77) = 2.007, p = 0.048, d = 0.229).

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In the memory task, the correlation between pupil size and PWA displayed a numerically stronger relationship compared to the pupil size-HR correlation, although the difference did not reach statistical significance (z = − 1.627, p = 0.052).

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