In patients with established CAD, the relationship between OPN and CAD presence is inconsistent, and co-existing cardiovascular risk factors may be significant confounders, limiting its clinical impact [ 51 , 52 ]. 2.3.
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The Role of Osteopontin in Atherosclerosis and Its Clinical Manifestations (Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases)-A Narrative Review.
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It is important to mention that in the multivariate logistic regression, the association between PAD presence and OPN at baseline did not reach statistical significance throughout the whole cohort of PAD patients and controls [ 85 ].