A study based on four European cohorts within the ESCAPE project found that PM 2.5 -bound metal constituents (eg, Fe and Ni) were associated with higher liver cancer risks, although the findings did not reach statistical significance. 14 In a case-control study conducted in Europe, serum levels of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), or Cu/Zn ratio showed a positive association with liver cancer. 17 In Egypt, people who consumed food contaminated with heavy metals, including lead (Pb), cadminum (Cd), arsenic, or mercury (Hg), had a higher i
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Exposure to PM<sub>2.5</sub> Metal Constituents and Liver Cancer Risk in REVEAL-HBV.
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