Differential cortical activation patterns: pioneering sub-classification of tinnitus with and without hyperacusis by combining audiometry, gamma oscillations, and hemodynamics.

Here, we observed a highly significant elevation of spontaneous oscillatory events in the low gamma band [21–40 Hz] with the largest effect size of Cohen’s d = 1.258 in the T- (Kruskal-Wallis test: p = 0.006; post hoc : p = 0.029) compared to the C- and the TH-group ( post hoc : p = 0.029, Figure 9A ).

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Because of inhomogeneous group variances, a non-parametric mixed-effect analysis had to be performed, indicating a statistical trend [F(2, 48) = 2.77, p = 0.0727], while the Holm-Sidak multiple comparison tests revealed no significant group differences.

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Again, associated with this increased ongoing gamma in tinnitus subjects, we observed during the two-tone discrimination task a trend for reduced evoked gamma [41–60 Hz] ( p = 0.06) in T compared to TH at the reference frequency ( Figure 11B ), while at the tinnitus frequency, we saw a weak trend for high induced gamma [61–120 Hz] to be lower in TH compared to T ( p = 0.099; Figure 11B , right).

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The main finding in left temporal cortex upon continuous-wavelet-transformed based analyses of oscillatory events was a significantly higher spontaneous high gamma oscillation [61–120 Hz] in T- compared to C-group, while spontaneous low gamma oscillations [21–40 Hz], which previously were reported to be enhanced in tinnitus subjects ( van der Loo et al., 2009 ; Vanneste et al., 2010 , 2018 ), in our small sample only showed a trend to be higher in T ( Figure 8A ).

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