In addition to a statistically significant difference between the control group of non-smokers and smokers overall ( p < 0.001), a distinction was noted among subjects who smoked more than 20 cigarettes per day compared to those who smoked half as many, though this effect did not reach statistical significance.
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Evaluation of Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects in Buccal Mucosal Cells in Non-Smokers and Users of Traditional Combustible Tobacco Products and Non-Combustible Alternatives.
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