Head-to-Head Comparison of Novel Vaccine Technologies Comes with a Minefield of Challenges.

In a study comparing early molecular signatures in the blood and draining the LN of vaccines encompassing CAF01, IC31, GLA-SE and Alum, it was also clear that not much happened in the first week with the depot-forming adjuvants (CAF01 and IC31), where most of the immune activity is likely to happen at the site of injection, compared to the non-depot-forming adjuvant (GLA-SE), and that germinal center formation for GLA-SE is observed already after 72 h (likely before), whereas the depot-forming adjuvants only showed a trend toward GC formation after 1–2 weeks [ 8 ].

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