Challenges in Emerging Vaccines and Future Promising Candidates against SARS-CoV-2 Variants.

The 30K bp of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome of SARS-CoV-2 encodes for 29 proteins, including the structural proteins: nucleocapsid protein (N), an envelope protein (E), membrane glycoprotein (M), spike protein (S) and nonstructural proteins; nsp3 (ribose phosphate), nsp5 (main protease), nsp10 and nsp16 (Mtase-methyltransferase), with their probable significance in the life cycle and pathophysiology of the SARS-CoV-2 [ 13 ].

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Genomic variation can be quite significant, as seen by the notable differences in impact, transmission rate, morbidity, and death during several human coronavirus outbreaks.

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