The basis of S-R learning: associations between individual stimulus features and responses.

It showed a significant Block main effect, F (8,368) = 28.64, p < .001, η p 2 = .38, and a marginally significant Practice Group effect (613 ms vs. 551 ms), F (1,46) = 3.66, p = .06, η p 2 = .07, that together with a Practice Group × Block interaction, F (8,368) = 4.50, p < .001, η p 2 = .09, indicated an RT decrease with practice that leveled off earlier for the Color than for the Orientation group (Fig. 1 , Orientation benefit over Color: Block 1: − 5 ms, Block 2: 42 ms, Block 9: 89 ms) and that eventually yielded faster response in the Orientation than the Color group.

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The Practice Group × Target Feature × Consistency interaction did not reach statistical significance in just the first test block (Block 10), F (1,46) = 0.61, p = .44, while it did in the second test block (Block 11), F (1,46) = 4.70, p = .04, η p 2 = .09, as if Orientation participants had been better able to overrule the invalid response tendency in Block 10 than in Block 11.

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