Microbiota-gut-brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases.

Notably, a recent meta-analysis, including only 198 PD patients and 182 controls, found that the serum leptin levels in PD patients were slightly lower compared to those in the control group, although the difference did not reach statistical significance. 596 These limited findings emphasize the need for more comprehensive research to understand the mechanisms and functions of leptin in the onset, progression, and management of PD.

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