Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor-induced macrophages of individuals with autism spectrum disorder adversely affect neuronal dendrites through the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

The results were similar to those of the direct-contact co-culture with GM-CSF MΦ, with comparable data except for the number of branches that remained in a significant trend between TD-GM-CSF MΦ and ASD-GM-CSF MΦ (Fig. 3 B–G).

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