Detecting the effects of opencast mining on ecosystem services value in arid and semi-arid areas based on time-series remote sensing images and Google Earth Engine (GEE).

=0\right)\\ {}-1& \left(\theta <0\right)\end{array}\right.$$\end{document} sign θ = 1 θ > 0 0 θ = 0 - 1 θ < 0 In the formula, ESV dj and ESV di are the time series data of ESV d ; sign is the sign function; S is the test statistic; Z is the standardized test statistic, Used to test whether there is a significant trend in the time series data, the larger the Z-value, the more significant the trend [ 27 , 28 ]. n is the number of data.

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The conclusions of this study include: (1) From 1990 to 2020, the dynamic ESV levels in the study area were fluctuating with an overall trend of decline.

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