Targeting beta-adrenergic receptor pathways in melanoma: how stress modulates oncogenic immunity.

Although the latter observation did not reach statistical significance, it is worth noting that the strongest signal of an enhanced response with combination ICI plus β-AR blockade was observed in a small subset (n = 19; 19%) of patients who were taking nonselective β-AR blockade compared to the majority (81%) of patients on a selective β-AR blocker, which further supports the previous observations regarding the importance of nonselective β-AR blockade (particularly targeting the β2-AR) as a means to fully optimize these therapeutically additive immunologic responses [ 92 ].

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