slightly significantP = 0.243
In the subgroup analyses by study design, meta-analysis of case-control studies showed a significant association between vaccinations and increased risk of SLE [OR = 1.84, 95% CI (1.03–3.31), I 2 = 75.9%, P = 0.041], whereas meta-analysis of cohort studies suggested a slightly significant association between vaccinations and risk of SLE [OR = 0.85, 95% CI (0.65–1.11), I 2 = 68.3%, P = 0.243] (Table 2 ).