Finally, within a limited sample size with both fecal butyrate and weight outcome data available ( n = 623), butyrate showed a trend to mediate the association between maternal prenatal smoking and certain childhood weight outcomes (proportion mediated in unadjusted models: year-1 BMI z-scores, 6.7%, p = .066; year-3 AROW or OWOB, 6.4%, p = .054; proportion mediated in adjusted models: year-1 BMI z-scores, 6.4%, p = .182; year-3 AROW or OWOB, 5.1%, p = .198).
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Maternal smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of gut microbiome-associated childhood overweight and obesity.
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