Functional genomic mechanisms of opioid action and opioid use disorder: a systematic review of animal models and human studies.

Among >800,000 CG sites (where DNA methylation mostly occurs in the mammalian brain), 11,917 located at transcription start sites (TSS) showed nominally significant differences ( p -value < 0.05; unfortunately, genomic localization of these probes, and full genome-wide results, were not provided).

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Also, different patterns of convergence were observed in each sex: in females, overlaps were highly significant among both up- and down-regulated genes while, in males, a lower concordance predominantly affected down-regulated genes.

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We nevertheless note an encouraging trend, as the majority of studies published since 2021 (8/12) investigated both sexes.

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