A biodegradable PVA coating constructed on the surface of the implant for preventing bacterial colonization and biofilm formation.

However, ALP activity in the 10% PVA group (1.6341 IU/mg total protein; SD 0.235) and 20% PVA group (1.7201 IU/mg total protein; SD 0.132) exhibited a slight reduction compared to the PBS group (1.8963 IU/mg total protein; SD 0.301), although these differences did not reach statistical significance (see Fig. 5 F).

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