The defensome of complex bacterial communities.

When MGEs were split according to family (excluding integrons which are rare in the human gut microbiota 53 ), there was a slight trend for higher colocalization of defense genes with ICEs/IMEs irrespective of the environment (Fig. 4b , Methods), in agreement with recent observations 52 .

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While there is a strong trend in the literature supporting a gradual reduction in microbial diversity (and subsequent disruption of metavirome profiles) concomitant with westernization 50 , the latter did not translate into a clear-cut geographical trend in regards to the defensome (Fig. 3c and Supplementary Fig. 5c ).

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