Discussion The main findings of this study were as follows: (1) coffee consumption showed an increasing trend in the order of non-headache, non-migraine headache, and migraine; (2) depression and stress decreased with increasing coffee consumption in participants with migraine; (3) most headache-related variables and response to acute headache treatment did not differ significantly according to coffee consumption in either migraine or non-migraine headache.
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The sentences
Our study showed a trend toward higher coffee consumption in the order of participants with non-headache, non-migraine headache, and migraine.