Our study indicates that ffEVs influenced the expression of various genes related to the MAPK pathway (GO:0032873, GO:1900744) in the Cp COCs group, which was also characterized by a highly significant increase in expansion during IVM ( p = 0.00006).
In a separate analysis of genes that were down- and upregulated, the KEGG MAPK signaling pathway (GO:0000165) ( DUSP1 , FOS , GADD45A ) and endocytosis (GO:0006897) ( PARD6B , KIF5C , MHCX1 ) showed a trend toward enrichment (FDR = 0.06) with downregulated genes, while fatty acid degradation (GO:0009062) and pyruvate metabolism (GO: 0006090) ( LOC100034175 ) were enriched (FDR < 0.05) with upregulated genes.