a strong trendp = 0.06
Aside from a strong trend ( p = 0.06) indicating improved visual–spatial memory performance for male participants, we found no gender effect for the other outcomes; executive abilities ( p = 0.34), lexical access ( p = 0.37), verbal memory ( p = 0.90), memory interference ( p = 0.64), and depressive symptoms ( p = 0.32).