Heavy metal contamination and environmental risk assessment: a case study of surface water in the Bahr Mouse stream, East Nile Delta, Egypt.

Notably, these concentrations are relatively lower when compared with findings from other local and international studies (Table 4 and 5 ). Furthermore, Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis illustrated a moderately significant positive correlation between Fe content and Cr ( r = 0.523), along with a significant negative correlation coefficient with Cu ( r = − 0.548) at the 0.01 level (Table 6 ).

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