Estradiol mediates greater germinal center responses to influenza vaccination in female than male mice.

Consistent with previous results ( 6 ), the mutation frequency in the J H 4 intronic region showed a trend of greater frequencies in splenic GC B cells from adult females than adult males ( Fig. 1J , P = 0.1 with two-way ANOVA, P < 0.05 in T test), with the sex difference in SHM not observed among aged animals who generally had greater variability in SHM frequencies in splenic GC B cells than among adult animals ( Fig. 1J ).

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