Time trends were explored by simple regression analyses (a positive r value indicating a positive trend and conversely for a negative r value, with a two-sided p < 0.05 considered significant) and based on the average annual percent change (AAPC) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95%CI), whereby an interval not including zero stands for statistical significance, consistent with the methodology detailed in [ 20 ].
The latter was the combined result of a decreasing trend in femoral neck fractures (consistent with a reversal of the secular trend) and a non-significant horizontal trend for pertrochanteric fractures.
In a recent publication on the global epidemiology of hip fractures, a negative trend was shown in some industrialized countries, including USA, UK, Spain, and Italy, but an increasing trend in other (France, Germany) [ 14 ].
In a recent publication on the global epidemiology of hip fractures, a negative trend was shown in some industrialized countries, including USA, UK, Spain, and Italy, but an increasing trend in other (France, Germany) [ 14 ].