The level of TRXRD1 showed a trend in both SDM (non-exercise) and LDM (inflight exercise) conditions, and ADH5/GSNOR was significantly decreased in the LDM-B astronaut post- vs. pre-flight, suggesting a risk of insufficient mitigation effects of currently available inflight exercise training protocols, particularly regarding those affecting redox homeostasis and RONS-linked skeletal muscle properties in human muscle on Earth [ 9 ] and concerning microgravity-induced muscle hypoactivity/disuse in space.
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