Maternal smoking, consumption of alcohol, and caffeinated beverages during pregnancy and the risk of childhood brain tumors: a meta-analysis of observational studies.

Overall effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on the risk of CBTs The meta-analyzed results suggested that maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with a 4% increased risk of CBTs, although this difference did not reach statistical significance (OR 1.04, 95% CI 0.99–1.09, I 2 24.3%) (Fig. 2 A).

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