Immersive virtual reality for learning about ecosystems: effect of two signaling levels and feedback on action decisions.

With regard to decision performances, a mixed ANOVA with flashing and marker stones as two between-factors, and feedback, measured on the basis of decision 1 before feedback and decision 2 after feedback, as dependent repeated measures indicated a significant positive main effect of the marker stones signaling level F (1,85) = 18.91, p < 0.0001, ηp 2 = 0.18; a marginal main effect of the flashing signaling level, which failed to reach significance, F (1,85) = 2.97, p = 0.088 ηp 2 = 0.03; and a strong main effect of feedback, F (1,85) = 41.64, p < 0.00001, ηp 2 = 0.33.

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Taken together, these results for decision performances after the learning-by-exploring phase suggest a significant trend toward a cumulative positive, bounded effect (see Table 1 ) of the two signaling levels.

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