Observer-rated outcomes of communication-centered treatment for adults who stutter: A social validation study.

Upon completing Hosmer et al.’s (2013) purposeful selection of covariates, only two factors were identified as potential predictive covariates: (1) years of education, which significantly predicted observer ratings (β = - .33, p < .001) and accounted for an additional 12.2% of the variance ( R 2 = .122), and (2) years the observer has known an adult who stutters, which approached significance (β = .17, p = .087), and accounted for an additional 2.8% of the variance ( R 2 = .028).

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