Lutein and Zeaxanthin Enhance, Whereas Oxidation, Fructosylation, and Low pH Damage High-Density Lipoprotein Biological Functionality.

The LCAT and PON1 activity of low pH-treated HDL was also reduced compared to their respective control, though the difference in PON1 activity did not quite reach statistical significance ( p = 0.07).

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Pre-incubating HDL with 30 μM lutein for 2 h (0.81 ± 0.026, Figure 3 A, yellow bar) attenuated the effect of H 2 O 2 (0.67 ± 0.034, Figure 3 A, gray bar) on CEC reduction, but the attenuation of PON1 activity loss did not reach statistical significance ( Figure 3 C).

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