Prevalence of human respiratory pathogens and associated mucosal cytokine levels in young children and adults: a cross-sectional observational study in the Netherlands during the winter of 2012/2013.

3B ), IL-33 showed a trend toward lower levels in symptomatic compared to asymptomatic individuals, but this was not statistically significant (Fig. 4D ).

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Indeed, we observed an increasing trend in the prevalence of symptoms with increasing pathogen numbers (Fig. 2B ), which was statistically significant when comparing the negative or 1 pathogen group to the ≥4 pathogens group ( P = .04 and P = .03, respectively, Fisher’s exact test).

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