Unveiling the Impact of Smokers' Self-Construals on the Effectiveness of Smoking Cessation Campaigns: A Comparative Analysis of E-Cigarettes and Combustible Cigarettes.

Conversely, those who viewed the combustible cigarette cessation message exhibited stronger intentions to quit when paired with the independent self-construal frame ( M = 4.40, SD = 0.19) than the interdependent construal one ( M = 4.12, SD = 0.19), although this variation did not reach statistical significance [ F (1, 117) = 1.17, p > .05, η 2 = .01] (refer to Figure 2 ).

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