One study found a negative trend in calcium intake across quintiles of free sugar intake in participants aged 4–10 years ( p < 0.001) and 11–18 years ( p < 0.01) [ 19 ], and another reported a negative trend across six free sugar cut-off levels ( p < 0.001) [ 38 ].
Another study reported a positive trend across quintiles of total sugar intake in the overall study population ( p < 0.001) and across sex and age subgroups except for two null associations with calcium intake for males aged 19–30 years and 31–50 years [ 36 ].
Both studies showed highly significant negative associations for fiber intake (%E) across six groups of added sugar intake (%E) after controlling for age, sex, BMI, and nonalcoholic energy intake.