Synergistic improvement of nitrogen and phosphorus removal in constructed wetlands by the addition of solid iron substrates and ferrous irons.

3 , the effluent Fe 2+ concentrations in all treatments showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing.

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Ammonia removal With the increase in the HRT, the NH 4 + -N concentration in the different CWs showed a decreasing trend, and the effluent concentrations of some treatments were significantly lower than the influent concentrations ( Fig. 2 ).

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At HRTs between 8 and 24 h, Fe 2+ in the ZVI treatments showed an increasing trend, while the Fe 2+ concentrations in S1 and CK showed a decreasing trend.

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