a significant trendp = 0.008
In the higher quartiles of blood cadmium, there were significantly higher proportions of females, those with high school or equivalent education, those with lower household incomes, current smokers, and stroke patients. Blood cadmium concentration and stroke As shown in Table 2 , in the most adjusted model, participants in quartiles 2, 3, and 4 had an OR for stroke compared with the lowest reference group for blood cadmium in the total population, with OR of 1.32 (95% CI 0.55–3.14), 1.65 (95% CI 0.71–3.83), and 2.67 (95% CI 1.10–6.49), respectively, with a significant trend (p = 0.008).