Echinacea Supplementation Does Not Impact Aerobic Capacity and Erythropoiesis in Athletes: A Meta-Analysis.

For hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, there were small, positive effect sizes when comparing the difference in pre- and post-intervention levels between the echinacea and placebo groups, at 0.38 ( p = 0.02, 95% CI −0.04–0.80, I 2 = 70%) and 0.34 ( p < 0.01, 95% CI −0.10–0.78, I 2 = 86%), respectively, though they did not reach statistical significance.

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