Fat and proteolysis due to methionine, tryptophan, and niacin deficiency leads to alterations in gut microbiota and immune modulation in inflammatory bowel disease.

Tgfb1 showed the highest expression of 3KR (Figure 5D ), Tgfb2 showed a trend toward higher expression in the control group (Figure 5E ), and Tgfb3 showed a decrease in expression in the KR group (Figure 5F ).

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The Chao1 and Shannon indexes, measures of alpha diversity, showed an increasing trend in mice that ingested DSS (R and RR), but a significant decrease in the MTN‐deficient groups (K and KR) compared to control group without DSS (C) (Figure 1E,F ).

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