Threat-induced prosocial behavior: enhanced exogenous attention to protect others from harm.

Crucially, whereas no differences in pupil dilation across time was observed when the participants themselves and when the co-participants were exposed to potential shocks, B = − 0.007, SE = 0.008, χ 2 (1) = 0.71, p = 0.40, pupil dilation in the safe condition showed a decreasing trend over time, B = − 0.09, SE = 0.01, χ 2 (1) = 25.74, p < 0.001.

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For the close-to-significant results we calculated Bayes Factors (BF 10 ) to measure the extent to which the data provide evidence in favor of the absence of an effect using BayesFactor package in R 37 .

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