Rhythmic entrainment scores did not differ at baseline; however, there was a statistical trend for individuals in the control group to score 0.62 points less than the music group ( β = -0.62, SE = 0.32, t = -1.95, p = 0.056; see Fig 3 ).
Year failed to reach significance ( β = 0.6, SE = 0.07, t = 0.80, p = 0.43; d = 0.24, 95% CI [-0.03, 0.51], indicating no natural changes due to development alone over time.
Specifically, at baseline, participants in the music program outperformed those in the sports group on pitch-matching while a group difference between the music and control groups approached significance in the rhythmic entrainment task.