Spaceflight increases sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺ leak and this cannot be counteracted with BuOE treatment.

Total and phosphorylated content of the Ca 2+ release protein, RYR, was also investigated with no effects on total RYR, but increases in p-RYR (increases Ca 2+ release) in flight groups compared to GC/VIV, though this did not reach statistical significance ( p = 0.0905, Fig. 2E ). 4-HNE is a product of lipid peroxidation due to increased RONS and therefore serves as a marker of oxidative stress 37 .

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