Bacteriophages from treatment-naïve type 2 diabetes individuals drive an inflammatory response in human co-cultures of dendritic cells and T cells.

Compared to healthy donor-derived phage solutions, those from individuals with T2D showed a trend toward increased IL-6 gene expression ( Figure 1(d) ) and markedly higher IL-6 protein secretion from human dendritic cells ( Figure 1(e) ).

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