Spatial and temporal evolution characteristics and factors of heat vulnerability in the Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration from 2001 to 2022.

3 Results and analysis 3.1 The evolutionary characteristics over time dimension 3.1.1 The overall HVI decreases over time The overall HVI in the study area showed a decreasing trend over the period from 2001 to 2022 ( Fig. 2 ).

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After 2020, the density curve of heat sensitivity showed an increasing trend, reflecting the need for the study area to enhance adaptation measures to reduce its own sensitivity.

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The density function curve of the heat exposure index showed a trend of shifting towards higher values over time, with an overall transition from a single-peak to a multi-peak shape.

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