Prostate cancer-induced endothelial-cell-to-osteoblast transition drives immunosuppression in the bone-tumor microenvironment through Wnt pathway-induced M2 macrophage polarization.

In addition, immunosuppressive genes, including CD274 (encodes PD-L1), PDCD1LG2 (encodes PD-L2), CSF1 , and TGFB1, which are associated with M2-like macrophages, had higher expressions in M2-high than M2-low bone metastasis samples, although the P value for TGFB1 ( P = 0.06) did not reach statistical significance ( Fig. 1 B ).

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