Additive impact of diabetes and Helicobacter pylori infection on all-cause mortality, diabetic mortality, and cardiovascular mortality: a longitudinal nationwide population-based study.

After excluding deaths within two years, the DM −/HP + and DM +/HP − groups demonstrated elevated risks of all-cause mortality compared to the DM −/HP − group in the crude model, with respective HRs of 1.32 (95%CI 1.13–1.55), 3.30 (95%CI 2.67–4.07), and 3.54 (95%CI 2.78–4.52), and a significant trend (p < 0.0001).After full adjustment, the DM −/HP + and DM +/HP − groups exhibited increased risks of all-cause mortality compared to the DM −/HP − group, with respective HRs of 1.09 (95%CI 0.93–1.27), 1.30 (95%CI 1.04–1.63), and 1.35 (95%CI 1.05–1.74), with a significant trend (p = 0.01).

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