Sex-based differences in short- and longer-term diet-induced metabolic heart disease.

After 1 mo of HFHS diet, there were no changes in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF, P = 0.24), stroke volume (SV, P = 0.16), cardiac output (CO, P = 0.23), or E/A ratio ( P = 0.80) in male mice; however, after 4 mo, males showed a trend toward reduction in LVEF ( P = 0.06), significant reductions in SV ( P < 0.05) and CO ( P < 0.01), and significantly increased E/A ratio ( P < 0.05) ( Fig. 1, A – D ).

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