10 Later individual studies (including three cohort studies and one cross-sectional study) reported a positive association in European populations, 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 while the increased T1D risk in Korean IBD patients failed to reach statistical significance. 15 Besides, previous studies have limitations including not adjusting for potential confounders (e.g., other autoimmune comorbidities) 11 , 12 , 13 , 15 and not investigating the bidirectional association between IBD and T1D.
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Bidirectional association between inflammatory bowel disease and type 1 diabetes: a nationwide matched cohort and case-control study.
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