These VLPs, compared with the same concentration of exosomes without SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins, significantly increased basolateral secretion of MCP-1 and caused basolateral increase in IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α, which did not reach statistical significance ( Figure 4 B ).
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COVID-19 Diarrhea Is Inflammatory, Caused by Direct Viral Effects Plus Major Role of Virus-induced Cytokines.
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