Global, regional, and national burden of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer and its risk factors from 1990 to 2021: findings from the global burden of disease study 2021.

12 , 13 Notably, the burden of TBL cancer did not exhibit a clear trend during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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However, the ASIR (Average Annual Percent Change [AAPC], −0.3 [−0.4 to −0.2]), ASMR (AAPC, −0.5 [−0.7 to −0.4]), and ASDR (AAPC, −0.9 [−1.0 to −0.7]) all showed a decreasing trend.

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In contrast, the ASIR and ASMR of TBL cancer in females showed an increasing trend, while the ASDR showed a relatively stable trend.

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